《美国公共电视网:走进亨利八世的宫廷》 PBS: Inside the Court of Henry VIII
Henry VIII is the most iconic king of English history. Part medieval tyrant, part renaissance prince, he ruled over his people as no king of England had ever done before. He took a country salvaged by his father from the wreck of civil war and set over it a single, sovereign ruler. By the end of his reign the power of the Tudor dynasty was absolute — but at a terrible cost. Personally responsible for the death of two of his own wives, along with many of his closest friends and advisors, he is said to have ordered the execution of up to 72,000 Britons. His reign will go down as one of the bloodiest in history.
亨利八世是英国历史上最具有标志性的国王。既是中世纪暴君,又是文艺复兴时期的王子,他以不同于在他之前在位的所有国王的方式统治着他的臣民。他从父亲手中接过在经历了一场内战(玫瑰战争)之后满目疮痍的国家,以唯一君主的姿态出现在人们面前。在接近他的统治尾声的时候,都铎王朝的权力是绝对的;虽然这是以巨大的代价实现的。他的两位的妻子死在他手里,还有其他许多他最亲密的朋友和大臣;据说他下令处决了将近7.2万英国人。他统治的时期是英国历史上最血腥的时期。
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由shihongmei2828在 整理的参考文本:
A generation earlier, the aristocracy has been at each other's throats. In a civil war where kings, dukes, lords and earls tore each other to shreds。 Henry's father miner noble Henry Tudor had triumphed. In victory he had put the Tudors on the throne, but the rival noble families still populated the royal court.
These members of the aristocracy helped Henry, but they were also a threat to Henry. Many of them had very viable claims to the throne.
He was very aware that in fact their claims to the throne were at least as strong as his own, if not stronger. Henry's paranoia led him to act very swiftly and decisively and brutally against any would-be plotters. If there was a rumor of a conspiracy, he would not wait for the evidence.
In 1521, his parania breaks into the open. A high-ranking noble in Henry's inner circle, the Duke of Buckingham is executed for treason.
The Duke of Buckingham was executed on very flimsy charges. His real crime was that he had royal blood.
His destruction was a very clear signal sent by Henry. This is what happens if you nurture ambitions to take the throne of England from the Tudors.
With a paranoid insecure king on the throne, the aristocracy remain under suspicion. The door is open for men of low birth to make their mark. |